A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

Sensitive data exposure occurs when applications do not adequately protect sensitive information such as financial data, healthcare information, and personally identifiable information (PII). Attackers can exploit this vulnerability to access and steal sensitive data.

Causes

• Unencrypted data transmission
• Storing sensitive data without encryption
• Using weak cryptographic algorithms
• Improper handling of cryptographic keys
• Insufficient controls for data access and sharing

Examples

Unencrypted Data Transmission

When sensitive data is transmitted over the network without encryption, attackers can intercept the data and gain unauthorized access.

http://example.com/login?username=user&password=pass

Storing Sensitive Data Without Encryption

If sensitive data is stored in plain text, attackers who gain access to the storage system can easily read the data.

{ "username": "user", "password": "pass" }

Using Weak Cryptographic Algorithms

Using outdated or weak cryptographic algorithms makes it easier for attackers to break the encryption and access sensitive data.

const cipher = crypto.createCipher('aes-128-cbc', 'key'); let encrypted = cipher.update('data', 'utf8', 'hex'); encrypted += cipher.final('hex');

Improper Handling of Cryptographic Keys

Exposing cryptographic keys in the code or not rotating them regularly can lead to unauthorized access if the keys are compromised.

const key = 'my-secret-key';

Mitigation

• Always use strong encryption for sensitive data both in transit and at rest.
• Use secure cryptographic algorithms and keep them updated.
• Properly manage and protect cryptographic keys.
• Implement strong access controls to restrict who can access sensitive data.
• Regularly audit and monitor access to sensitive data.

Mitigation Details

Data Encryption

Ensure that all sensitive data is encrypted using strong encryption standards such as AES-256. Use HTTPS to encrypt data in transit.

Secure Cryptographic Algorithms

Use up-to-date and strong cryptographic algorithms like AES, RSA, and SHA-256. Avoid using deprecated algorithms like MD5 and SHA-1.

Key Management

Use secure key management practices. Store keys securely, rotate them periodically, and avoid hardcoding them in the source code.

Access Controls

Implement role-based access control (RBAC) to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive data. Use multi-factor authentication (MFA) for additional security.

Auditing and Monitoring

Regularly audit data access and monitor for any suspicious activity. Use logging to track access to sensitive data and set up alerts for any unauthorized access attempts.

Risks

• Theft of sensitive information
• Identity theft
• Financial fraud
• Reputation damage
• Legal and regulatory penalties

Conclusion

Protecting sensitive data is crucial to maintaining the trust and security of users. By implementing strong encryption, managing cryptographic keys properly, and enforcing robust access controls, you can significantly reduce the risk of sensitive data exposure.